Machine learning approaches have produced some of the highest reported performances for facial expression recognition. However, to date, nearly all automatic facial expression recognition research has focused on optimizing performance on a few databases that were collected under controlled lighting conditions on a relatively small number of subjects. This paper explores whether current machine learning methods can be used to develop an expression recognition system that operates reliably in more realistic conditions. We explore the necessary characteristics of the training data set, image registration, feature representation, and machine learning algorithms. A new database, GENKI, is presented which contains pictures, photographed by the subjects themselves, from thousands of different people in many different real-world imaging conditions. Results suggest that human-level expression recognition accuracy in real-life illumination conditions is achievable with machine learning technology. However, the data sets currently used in the automatic expression recognition literature to evaluate progress may be overly constrained and could potentially lead research into locally optimal algorithmic solutions.
10 aAlgorithms 10 aArtificial intelligence 10 aAutomated 10 aautomatic facial expression recognition research 10 aBiological Pattern Recognition 10 aBiometry 10 aComputer simulation 10 aComputer vision 10 aComputer-Assisted 10 aFace 10 aFace and gesture recognition 10 aface recognition 10 afeature representation 10 ahuman-level expression recognition accuracy 10 aillumination conditions 10 aImage databases 10 aImage Enhancement 10 aImage Interpretation 10 aimage registration image representation 10 alearning (artificial intelligence) 10 amachine learning approaches 10 aMachine Learning Models 10 an Humans 10 aobject detection 10 apractical smile detection 10 aReproducibility of Results 10 aSensitivity and Specificity 10 aSmiling 10 aSubtraction Technique 10 atraining data set 10 avisual databases 1 aWhitehill, J. 1 aLittlewort, G. 1 aFasel, I. 1 aBartlett, M. 1 aMovellan, J. uhttps://rubi.ucsd.edu/content/toward-practical-smile-detection 02225nas a2200373 4500008004100000020002200041245006700063210006300130260002900193520104300222653001901265653003001284653003801314653002801352653001901380653002101399653002201420653003801442653001101480653001901491653002001510653001701530653001301547653001901560653003001579653002001609653001501629653003601644653001901680653002001699100001801719700002501737856008901762 2008 eng d a978-1-4244-2153-4 00 aA discriminative approach to frame-by-frame head pose tracking 0 adiscriminative approach to framebyframe head pose tracking aAmsterdam bIEEE c09/2008 3 aWe present a discriminative approach to frame-by-frame head pose tracking that is robust to a wide range of illuminations and facial appearances and that is inherently immune to accuracy drift. Most previous research on head pose tracking has been validated on test datasets spanning only a small (< 20) subjects under controlled illumination conditions on continuous video sequences. In contrast, the system presented in this paper was both trained and tested on a much larger database, GENKI, spanning tens of thousands of different subjects, illuminations, and geographical locations from images on the Web. Our pose estimator achieves accuracy of 5.82deg, 5.65deg, and 2.96deg root-mean-square (RMS) error for yaw, pitch, and roll, respectively. A set of 4000 images from this dataset, labeled for pose, was collected and released for use by the research community.
10 aaccuracy drift 10 acontinuous video sequence 10 acontrolled illumination condition 10 adiscriminative approach 10 aface detection 10 aface recognition 10 afacial appearance 10 aframe-by-frame head pose tracking 10 aHumans 10 aImage analysis 10 aImage databases 10 aLaboratories 10 aLighting 10 aMagnetic heads 10 amean square error methods 10 apose estimation 10 aRobustness 10 aroot-mean-square error tracking 10 aSystem testing 10 aVideo sequences 1 aWhitehill, J. 1 aMovellan, Javier, R. uhttps://rubi.ucsd.edu/content/discriminative-approach-frame-frame-head-pose-tracking